Browse CSC Mock Exams & Canadian Securities Course Prep | Your Ultimate Exam Companion
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- Overview of Chapter 1
- 1.1 Introduction to the Canadian Securities Industry
- 1.2 Role of Financial Intermediaries
- 1.3 Overview of Investment Dealers
- 1.4 Types of Investment Dealers
- 1.5 Organizational Structure of Investment Dealers
- 1.6 Principal and Agency Transactions
- 1.7 Services Provided by Investment Dealers
- 1.8 Clearing Systems in Canadian Securities
- 1.9 Overview of Financial Intermediaries Other Than Investment Dealers
- 1.10 Chartered Banks in Canada
- 1.11 Schedule I, II, and III Banks
- 1.12 Credit Unions and Caisses Populaires
- 1.13 Trust and Loan Companies
- 1.14 Insurance Companies in Canada
- 1.15 Other Financial Intermediaries
- 1.16 Financial Technology (Fintech)
- 1.17 Robo-Advisors
- 1.18 Social and Economic Shifts
- 1.19 Savings Rates in Canada
- 1.20 Household Debt Levels
- 1.21 Cryptocurrency in Canadian Markets
- 1.22 Summary of Chapter 1
- Conclusion of Chapter 1
- Glossary for Chapter 1
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- Overview of Chapter 2
- 2.1 Introduction to the Capital Market
- 2.2 Investment Capital
- 2.3 Characteristics of Capital
- 2.4 Suppliers and Users of Capital
- 2.5 Financial Instruments
- 2.6 Fixed-Income Securities
- 2.7 Equity Securities
- 2.8 Derivatives
- 2.9 Managed Products
- 2.10 Structured Products
- 2.11 Financial Markets Overview
- 2.12 Primary and Secondary Markets
- 2.13 Auction Markets
- 2.14 Dealer Markets
- 2.15 Exchanges in Canada
- 2.16 Alternative Trading Systems (ATS)
- 2.17 Equity Electronic Trading Systems
- 2.18 Fixed-Income Electronic Trading Systems
- 2.19 Unlisted Equity Market
- 2.20 Clearing and Settlement in Financial Markets
- 2.21 Financial Technology (Fintech) in Capital Markets
- 2.22 Robo-Advisors
- 2.23 Social and Economic Shifts Affecting Capital Markets
- 2.24 Cryptocurrency in Capital Markets
- Summary of Chapter 2
- Conclusion of Chapter 2
- Glossary for Chapter 2
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- Overview of Chapter 3
- 3.1 Introduction to the Canadian Regulatory Environment
- 3.2 The Regulators
- 3.3 Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA)
- 3.4 Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs)
- 3.5 Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC)
- 3.6 Mutual Fund Dealers Association (MFDA)
- 3.7 Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI)
- 3.8 Investor Protection Funds
- 3.9 Canadian Investor Protection Fund (CIPF)
- 3.10 Mutual Fund Dealers Association Investor Protection Corporation (MFDA IPC)
- 3.11 Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC)
- 3.12 Provincial Insurance Corporations
- 3.13 Regulation and Supervision Principles
- 3.14 Principles-Based Regulation
- 3.15 Securities Regulation in Canada
- 3.16 Disclosure Requirements
- 3.17 Registration of Securities Dealers and Advisors
- 3.18 Gatekeeper Role
- 3.19 Know Your Client (KYC) Rule
- 3.20 Client Relationship Model (CRM)
- 3.21 Conflict of Interest Management
- 3.22 Remediation Options for Investors
- 3.23 Ethical Standards in the Financial Services Industry
- 3.24 National Do Not Call List (DNCL)
- Summary of Chapter 3
- Conclusion of Chapter 3
- Glossary for Chapter 3
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- 4.20 The Exchange Rate
- Overview of Chapter 4
- 4.1 Defining Economics
- 4.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
- 4.3 The Decision Makers
- 4.4 The Market
- 4.5 Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium
- 4.6 Measuring Economic Growth
- 4.7 Real and Nominal GDP
- 4.8 Productivity and Determinants of Economic Growth
- 4.9 The Business Cycle
- 4.10 Economic Indicators
- 4.11 Types of Unemployment
- 4.12 The Labour Market
- 4.13 The Role of Interest Rates
- 4.14 Measuring Inflation
- 4.15 Costs of Inflation
- 4.16 Causes of Inflation
- 4.17 Deflation and Disinflation
- 4.18 International Finance and Trade
- 4.19 The Balance of Payments
- 4.21 Exchange Rate and the Canadian Dollar
- 4.22 Determinants of Exchange Rates
- 4.23 The Impact of Inflation
- 4.24 Summary of Chapter 4
- Conclusion of Chapter 4
- Glossary for Chapter 4: Economics Overview
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- Overview of Chapter 5
- 5.1 Fiscal Policy
- 5.2 The Federal Budget
- 5.3 Monetary Policy
- 5.4 The Bank of Canada
- 5.5 Monetary Policy Tools
- 5.6 Implementing Monetary Policy
- 5.7 Open Market Operations
- 5.8 Drawdowns and Redeposits
- 5.9 Fiscal and Monetary Policy Interaction
- 5.10 Challenges of Government Policy
- 5.11 Economic Theories: Keynesian and Monetarist
- 5.12 The Role of Interest Rates
- 5.13 The Impact of Inflation
- 5.14 The Causes of Inflation
- 5.15 Deflation and Disinflation
- 5.16 International Finance and Trade
- 5.17 The Balance of Payments
- 5.18 The Exchange Rate
- 5.19 Exchange Rate and the Canadian Dollar
- 5.20 Determinants of Exchange Rates
- 5.21 The Impact of Inflation
- 5.22 The Causes of Inflation
- 5.23 Deflation and Disinflation
- 5.24 International Finance and Trade
- Conclusion of Chapter 5
- Glossary for Chapter 5: Economic Policy
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- 6.16 Types of Corporate Bonds
- Overview of Chapter 6
- 6.1 The Fixed-Income Marketplace
- 6.2 The Rationale for Issuing Fixed-Income Securities
- 6.3 The Basic Features and Terminology of Fixed-Income Securities
- 6.4 Interest on Bonds
- 6.5 Denominations and Bond Pricing
- 6.6 Bond Yields
- 6.7 Term to Maturity and Bond Classifications
- 6.8 Liquidity, Negotiability, and Marketability
- 6.9 Strip Bonds and Zero-Coupon Bonds
- 6.10 Callable, Extendible, and Retractable Bonds
- 6.11 Convertible Bonds and Debentures
- 6.12 Sinking Funds and Purchase Funds
- 6.13 Protective Provisions of Corporate Bonds
- 6.14 Government of Canada Securities
- 6.15 Provincial and Municipal Government Securities
- 6.17 Other Fixed-Income Securities
- 6.18 How to Read Bond Quotes and Ratings
- Conclusion of Chapter 6
- Glossary for Chapter 6: Fixed-Income Securities
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- 7.6 Calculating the Current Yield on a Bond
- 7.11 Liquidity Preference Theory
- 7.1 Introduction to Bond Pricing and Yield
- 7.2 Calculating Price and Yield of a Bond
- 7.3 The Discount Rate
- 7.4 Calculating the Fair Price of a Bond
- 7.5 Calculating the Yield on a Treasury Bill
- 7.7 Calculating the Yield to Maturity on a Bond
- 7.8 Reinvestment Risk
- 7.9 Term Structure of Interest Rates and Yield Curve
- 7.10 Expectations Theory
- 7.12 Market Segmentation Theory
- 7.13 Fundamental Bond Pricing Properties
- 7.14 The Relationship Between Bond Prices and Interest Rates
- 7.15 The Impact of Maturity
- 7.16 The Impact of Coupon Rate
- 7.17 The Impact of Yield Changes
- 7.18 Duration as a Measure of Bond Price Volatility
- 7.19 Conclusion of Chapter 7
- 7.20 Glossary for Chapter 7
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- 8.1 Introduction to Equity Securities
- 8.2 Common Shares
- 8.3 Dividends on Common Shares
- 8.4 Voting Rights of Common Shares
- 8.5 Restricted Shares
- 8.6 Stock Splits and Consolidations
- 8.7 Common Share Benefits and Risks
- 8.8 Preferred Shares
- 8.9 Types of Preferred Shares
- 8.10 Stock Indexes and Averages
- 8.11 Capital Appreciation of Common Shares
- 8.12 Impact of Dividends on Shareholders
- 8.13 Shareholder Rights and Protections
- 8.14 Stock Dividend Reinvestment Plans
- 8.15 Convertible Preferred Shares
- 8.16 Retractable Preferred Shares
- 8.17 Floating-Rate Preferred Shares
- 8.18 Foreign-Pay Preferred Shares
- 8.19 Other Types of Preferred Shares
- 8.20 Shareholder Protections and Regulations
- 8.21 Convertible Preferred Shares
- 8.22 Conclusion of Chapter 8
- 8.23 Glossary for Chapter 8
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- Overview of Chapter 9
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Cash Accounts and Margin Accounts
- 9.3 Long Positions and Short Positions
- 9.4 Margin Account Transactions
- 9.5 Margin Risks
- 9.6 Short Margin Accounts
- 9.7 Declaring a Short Sale
- 9.8 Risks of Short Selling
- 9.9 Trading on Margin
- 9.10 Trading and Settlement Procedures
- 9.11 Trading Procedures
- 9.12 Settlement Procedures
- 9.13 Types of Buy and Sell Orders
- 9.14 Market Orders
- 9.15 Limit Orders
- 9.16 Day Orders
- 9.17 Good Through Orders
- 9.18 On-Stop Sell Orders
- 9.19 On-Stop Buy Orders
- 9.20 Professional (PRO) Orders
- 9.21 Summary
- 9.22 Glossary for Chapter 9
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- 10.22 Conclusion of Chapter 10
- Overview of Chapter 10
- 10.1 Introduction to Derivatives
- 10.2 The Role of Derivatives
- 10.3 Over-the-Counter (OTC) vs. Exchange-Traded Derivatives
- 10.4 Features Common to All Derivatives
- 10.5 Types of Underlying Assets
- 10.6 Users of Derivatives
- 10.7 Options: Call and Put Positions
- 10.8 Option Strategies for Speculation and Hedging
- 10.9 Forwards vs. Futures Contracts
- 10.10 Derivatives Markets and Liquidity
- 10.11 Rights and Warrants
- 10.12 Valuing Derivatives: Intrinsic and Time Value
- 10.13 Advanced Option Strategies
- 10.14 Risk Management with Derivatives
- 10.15 Regulatory Environment for Derivatives
- 10.16 Comparison of Derivative Instruments
- 10.17 Practical Applications and Case Studies
- 10.18 Common Misconceptions about Derivatives
- 10.19 Technological Advances in Derivatives Trading
- 10.20 Ethical Considerations in Derivatives Trading
- 10.21 Future of Derivatives Markets
- Glossary for Chapter 10: Derivatives
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- Overview of Chapter 11
- 11.1 Understanding Business Structures
- 11.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation
- 11.3 Corporate Structure and Management
- 11.4 Financial Statements of a Corporation
- 11.5 Statement of Financial Position
- 11.6 Statement of Comprehensive Income
- 11.7 Statement of Cash Flows
- 11.8 Annual Report Components
- 11.9 Public Company Disclosures and Investor Rights
- 11.10 Corporate Bylaws and Governance
- 11.11 Voting Rights and Shareholder Meetings
- 11.12 Proxy Statements and Voting Trusts
- 11.13 Regulatory Requirements for Takeover Bids and Insider Trading
- Conclusion of Chapter 11
- Glossary for Chapter 11: Corporations and Financial Statements
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- 12.2 The Dealer’s Advisory Relationship with Corporations
- Overview of Chapter 12
- 12.1 Government and Corporate Finance
- 12.3 Bringing Securities to the Market
- 12.4 Other Methods of Distributing Securities to the Public
- 12.5 The Listing Process
- 12.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Listing Shares
- 12.7 Temporary Interruptions of Trading
- 12.8 Withdrawing Trading Privileges
- 12.9 After-Market Stabilization
- 12.10 Prospectus Exemptions and the Short Form Prospectus System
- 12.11 Public vs. Private Offerings
- 12.12 Types of Underwriting Agreements
- 12.13 Secondary Offerings and Treasury Shares
- 12.14 Capital Raising Strategies
- 12.15 Role of Syndicates and Selling Groups
- 12.16 Distribution through the TSX Venture Exchange
- 12.17 Direct and Foreign Bond Issuances
- 12.18 Corporate Financing Alternatives
- 12.19 Compliance and Regulatory Requirements
- 12.20 Managing Investor Relations
- 12.21 Strategies for Market Acceptance and Promotion
- Conclusion of Chapter 12
- Glossary for Chapter 12
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- 13.1 Chapter Overview
- 13.2 Learning Objectives
- 13.3 Methods of Equity Analysis
- 13.4 Overview of Fundamental Analysis
- 13.5 Overview of Technical Analysis
- 13.6 Market Theories
- 13.7 Fundamental Macroeconomic Analysis
- 13.8 Fiscal Policy Impact
- 13.9 Monetary Policy Impact
- 13.10 Impact of Inflation
- 13.11 Fundamental Industry Analysis
- 13.12 Classifying Industries by Product or Service
- 13.13 Classifying Industries by Life Cycle
- 13.14 Competitive Forces Analysis
- 13.15 Classifying Industries by Reaction to the Economic Cycle
- 13.16 Overview of Technical Analysis Tools
- 13.17 Chart Analysis
- 13.18 Quantitative Analysis
- 13.19 Sentiment Indicators
- 13.20 Cycle Analysis
- 13.21 Comparing Technical Analysis to Fundamental Analysis
- 13.22 Summary
- 13.23 Review Questions
- 13.24 Frequently Asked Questions
- Glossary for Chapter 13
- Additional Resources for Chapter 13
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- Overview of Chapter 14
- 14.1 Introduction to Company Analysis
- 14.2 Performing Company Analysis
- 14.3 Statement of Comprehensive Income Analysis
- 14.4 Statement of Financial Position Analysis
- 14.5 Interpreting Financial Statements
- 14.6 Trend Analysis
- 14.7 External Comparisons
- 14.8 Analyzing Financial Ratios
- 14.9 Liquidity Ratios
- 14.10 Risk Analysis Ratios
- 14.11 Operating Performance Ratios
- 14.12 Value Ratios
- 14.13 Assessing Preferred Share Investment Quality
- 14.14 Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- 14.15 Cash Flow Analysis
- 14.16 Interest Coverage Ratio
- 14.17 Earnings Per Share (EPS)
- 14.18 Inventory Turnover Ratio
- 14.19 Dividend Payout Ratio
- 14.20 Dividend Yield
- 14.21 Equity Value Per Common Share
- 14.22 Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
- 14.23 Continuous Monitoring and Qualitative Analysis
- 14.24 Summary of Company Analysis
- 14.25 Review Questions
- 14.26 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Glossary for Chapter 14: Company Analysis
- Additional Resources for Chapter 14
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- Overview of Chapter 15
- 15.1 Introduction to the Portfolio Approach
- 15.2 Risk and Return
- 15.3 Systematic and Non-Systematic Risk
- 15.4 Measuring Risk
- 15.5 Relationship Between Risk and Return in a Portfolio
- 15.6 Portfolio Manager Styles Overview
- 15.7 Active Investment Management
- 15.8 Passive Investment Management
- 15.9 Equity Manager Styles Overview
- 15.10 Growth Managers
- 15.11 Value Managers
- 15.12 Sector Rotation
- 15.13 Fixed-Income Manager Styles Overview
- 15.14 Term to Maturity
- 15.15 Credit Quality
- 15.16 Interest Rate Anticipators
- 15.17 Diversification Strategies
- 15.18 Correlation in Portfolio Management
- 15.19 Portfolio Beta and Alpha
- 15.20 Conclusion of Chapter 15
- 15.21 Glossary for Chapter 15
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- Overview of Chapter 16
- 16.1 Determine Investment Objectives and Constraints
- 16.2 Design an Investment Policy Statement
- 16.3 Develop the Asset Mix
- 16.4 Develop the Strategic Asset Allocation
- 16.5 Asset Class Timing and Cycle Management
- 16.6 Dynamic Asset Allocation and Rebalancing
- 16.7 Tactical Asset Allocation
- 16.8 Select the Securities
- 16.9 Monitor the Client, the Market, and the Economy
- 16.10 Evaluate Portfolio Performance
- 16.11 Calculate the Total Return
- 16.12 Calculate the Risk-Adjusted Rate of Return
- 16.13 Monitor Portfolio Changes and Adjustments
- 16.14 Rebalance the Portfolio
- 16.15 Key Metrics and Performance Indicators
- 16.16 Practical Examples and Case Studies
- Conclusion of Chapter 16
- Glossary for Chapter 16
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- Overview of Chapter 17
- 17.1 Learning Objectives
- 17.2 Overview of Managed Products
- 17.3 Advantages of Managed Products
- 17.4 Disadvantages of Managed Products
- 17.5 Overview of Mutual Funds
- 17.6 Mutual Fund Structures: Trusts vs. Corporations
- 17.7 Organization of a Mutual Fund
- 17.8 Pricing Mutual Fund Units: NAVPS
- 17.9 Mutual Fund Fees and Charges
- 17.10 Load Types: Front-End, Back-End, and No-Load
- 17.11 Trailer Fees and Other Fees
- 17.12 Mutual Fund Regulation: SROs and National Instruments
- 17.13 Know Your Client (KYC) Rule and Suitability
- 17.14 Client Disclosure Documents: Fund Facts, Prospectus, and AIF
- 17.15 Mutual Fund Restrictions and Prohibited Selling Practices
- 17.16 Relationship Disclosure Information
- 17.17 Mutual Fund Fee Impact Calculator
- 17.18 Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Anti-Terrorist Financing (ATF) in Mutual Funds
- 17.19 Switching Fees and Other Selling Practices
- 17.20 Record-Keeping and Documentation
- 17.21 Mutual Fund Sales Practices and Ethical Considerations
- 17.22 Mutual Fund Performance Reporting
- 17.23 Switching and Early Redemption Fees
- 17.24 Summary of Mutual Fund Structures and Regulation
- 17.25 Review Questions
- 17.26 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Glossary for Chapter 17
- Additional Resources for Chapter 17
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- Overview of Chapter 18
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Types of Mutual Funds
- 18.3 Money Market Funds
- 18.4 Fixed-Income Funds
- 18.5 Balanced Funds
- 18.6 Equity Funds
- 18.7 Commodity Funds
- 18.8 Specialty Funds
- 18.9 Target-Date Funds
- 18.10 Alternative Funds
- 18.11 Index Funds
- 18.12 Comparing Fund Types
- 18.13 Fund Management Styles
- 18.14 Redemption of Mutual Fund Units or Shares
- 18.15 Tax Consequences of Redemptions
- 18.16 Withdrawal Plans
- 18.17 Measuring Mutual Fund Performance
- 18.18 Comparative Performance
- 18.19 Pitfalls to Avoid in Judging Mutual Fund Performance
- 18.20 Summary
- 18.21 Review Questions
- 18.22 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Glossary for Chapter 18: Mutual Funds
- Additional Resources for Chapter 18
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- Overview of Chapter 19
- 19.1 Introduction to Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.2 The Regulation and Structure of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.3 Mutual Fund Trusts and Mutual Fund Corporations
- 19.4 General Disclosure Requirements for ETFs
- 19.5 ETF Facts Document
- 19.6 Creation and Redemption Process of Standard Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.7 Key Features of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.8 Low Cost
- 19.9 Tradability, Liquidity, and Continuous Price Discovery
- 19.10 Low Tracking Error
- 19.11 Tax Efficiency
- 19.12 Transparency
- 19.13 Low Cost Diversification
- 19.14 Targeted Exposure
- 19.15 Types of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.16 Standard Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.17 Rules-Based Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.18 Active Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.19 Synthetic Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.20 Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.21 Inverse Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.22 Commodity Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.23 Covered Call Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.24 Comparing Exchange-Traded Funds and Mutual Funds
- 19.25 Taxation of Investors in Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.26 Investment Strategies Using Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.27 Other Related Products
- 19.28 Conclusion of Chapter 19
- Glossary for Chapter 19
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- Overview of Chapter 20
- 20.1 Introduction to Alternative Investments
- 20.2 What are Alternative Investments?
- 20.3 Alternative Strategy Funds
- 20.4 Alternative Assets
- 20.5 Private Equity
- 20.6 Investing in Alternatives – Benefits and Risks
- 20.7 Diversification
- 20.8 Adding Alpha
- 20.9 Efficient Frontier
- 20.10 Empirical Evidence
- 20.11 What is Risk?
- 20.12 Alternative Strategy Risk Drivers
- 20.13 Alternative Investment Structures
- 20.14 Exempt Market Alternative Funds (Hedge Funds)
- 20.15 Who Can Invest in Hedge Funds?
- 20.16 Minimum Investment Exemption
- 20.17 Accredited Investor Exemption
- 20.18 Offering Memorandum Exemption
- 20.19 Hedge Fund Features
- 20.20 Hedge Fund Liquidity
- 20.21 Fund Transparency
- 20.22 Investor Protection
- 20.23 Funds of Hedge Funds
- 20.24 Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
- Conclusion of Chapter 20
- Glossary for Chapter 20: Alternative Investments
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- Overview of Chapter 21
- 21.1 Learning Objectives
- 21.2 Alternative Investment Strategies
- 21.3 Relative Value Strategies
- 21.4 Event-Driven Strategies
- 21.5 Directional Strategies
- 21.6 Multi-Strategy Funds
- 21.7 Leveraged ETF Strategy
- 21.8 Alternative Strategy Fund Performance Measurement
- 21.9 Risk Measures
- 21.10 Risk-Adjusted Return Measures
- 21.11 Performance Benchmarking
- 21.12 Due Diligence Process
- 21.13 Suitability of Alternative Strategies
- 21.14 Relative Value Strategy Details
- 21.15 Event-Driven Strategy Details
- 21.16 Directional Strategy Details
- 21.17 Equity Market-Neutral Strategy
- 21.18 Convertible Arbitrage Strategy
- 21.19 Fixed-Income Arbitrage Strategy
- 21.20 Merger (Risk Arbitrage) Strategy
- 21.21 High-Yield Bond Strategy
- 21.22 Distressed Securities Strategy
- 21.23 Long/Short Equity Strategy
- 21.24 Global Macro Strategy
- 21.25 Emerging Markets Strategy
- 21.26 Dedicated Short Bias Strategy
- 21.27 Managed Futures Strategy
- 21.28 Performance Measurement Tools
- 21.29 Comprehensive Due Diligence Process
- 21.30 Benchmarking Alternative Investments
- 21.31 Investor Suitability for Liquid Alternatives
- 21.32 Key Due Diligence Areas
- 21.33 Relationship Disclosure Information
- 21.34 Alternative Strategy Fund Performance Measurement
- Conclusion of Chapter 21
- 21.35 Glossary for Chapter 21
- Alternative Investments: Strategies and Performance Resources
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- 22.7 Disadvantages of LSVCCs
- Overview of Chapter 22
- 22.1 Segregated Funds
- 22.2 Regulation of Segregated Funds
- 22.3 Structure of Segregated Funds
- 22.4 Features of Segregated Funds
- 22.5 Labour-Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations (LSVCCs)
- 22.6 Advantages of LSVCCs
- 22.8 Closed-End Funds
- 22.9 Structure of Closed-End Funds
- 22.10 Advantages of Closed-End Funds
- 22.11 Disadvantages of Closed-End Funds
- 22.12 Income Trusts
- 22.13 Types of Income Trusts
- 22.14 Taxation of Income Trusts
- 22.15 Private Equity
- 22.16 Types of Private Equity
- 22.17 Listed Private Equity
- 22.18 Advantages of Listed Private Equity
- 22.19 Disadvantages of Listed Private Equity
- 22.20 Comparison of Managed Products
- Conclusion of Chapter 22
- Glossary for Chapter 22: Other Managed Products
- Additional Resources for Chapter 22
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- Overview of Chapter 23: Structured Products
- 23.1 Overview of Structured Products
- 23.2 Advantages of Structured Products
- 23.3 Disadvantages and Risks of Structured Products
- 23.4 Principal-Protected Notes
- 23.5 Market-Linked Guaranteed Investment Certificates
- 23.6 Split Shares
- 23.7 Asset-Backed Securities
- 23.8 Asset-Backed Commercial Paper and Mortgage-Backed Securities
- 23.9 Securitization Process for Asset-Backed Securities
- 23.10 Conclusion of Chapter 23
- Glossary for Chapter 23
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- 24.18 Gifting
- Overview of Chapter 24
- 24.1 The Canadian Taxation System
- 24.2 Calculating Income Tax
- 24.3 Types of Income
- 24.4 Capital Gains and Losses
- 24.5 Tax Deferral and Tax-Free Plans
- 24.6 Registered Pension Plans
- 24.7 Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs)
- 24.8 Registered Retirement Income Funds (RRIFs)
- 24.9 Deferred Annuities
- 24.10 Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs)
- 24.11 Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs)
- 24.12 Pooled Registered Pension Plans (PRPPs)
- 24.13 Tax Planning Strategies
- 24.14 Income Splitting
- 24.15 Transferring Income
- 24.16 Paying Expenses
- 24.17 Making Loans
- 24.19 Canada and Quebec Pension Plan Sharing
- 24.20 Gifting and Contributions Tax Rules
- Conclusion of Chapter 24
- Glossary for Chapter 24: Canadian Taxation
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- Overview of Chapter 25: Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.1 Introduction to Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.2 Advantages of Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.3 Disadvantages of Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.4 Managed Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.5 Types of Managed Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.6 Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) Wraps
- 25.7 Mutual Fund Wraps
- 25.8 Advisor-Managed Accounts
- 25.9 Separately Managed Accounts (SMA)
- 25.10 Single-Mandate Separately Managed Accounts
- 25.11 Multi-Mandate Managed Accounts
- 25.12 Household Accounts
- 25.13 Private Family Office
- 25.14 Documentation and Regulation for Managed Accounts
- 25.15 Non-Managed Fee-Based Accounts
- 25.16 Full-Service Brokerage Accounts
- 25.17 Self-Directed Brokerage Accounts
- 25.18 Direct Guidance in Self-Directed Accounts
- 25.19 Robo-Advisory Services
- Conclusion of Chapter 25
- Glossary for Chapter 25
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- Overview of Chapter 26
- 26.1 The Financial Planning Approach
- 26.2 Steps in the Financial Planning Process
- 26.3 The Life Cycle Hypothesis
- 26.4 Ethics and the Advisor’s Standards of Conduct
- 26.5 Duty of Care
- 26.6 Integrity
- 26.7 Professionalism
- 26.8 Compliance
- 26.9 Confidentiality
- 26.10 Handling Client Confidentiality
- 26.11 Five Primary Values
- 26.12 Case Studies and Examples
- 26.13 Review of Ethics
- Conclusion of Chapter 26
- 26.14 Glossary for Chapter 26
- Additional Resources for Chapter 26
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- Overview of Chapter 27
- 27.1 Introduction to Institutional Clients
- 27.2 Sell Side vs. Buy Side
- 27.3 Types of Sell-Side Firms
- 27.4 Revenue Sources for Sell-Side Trading Firms
- 27.5 Institutional Clearing and Settlement
- 27.6 Roles and Responsibilities in Institutional Investment Dealers
- 27.7 Responsibilities of Buy-Side Portfolio Managers and Traders
- 27.8 Organizational Structure of Sell-Side Trading Firms
- 27.9 Equity Sales and Trading Departments
- 27.10 Prime Brokerage and Securities Lending
- 27.11 Revenue Models for Fixed-Income Trading Desks
- 27.12 Algorithmic Trading and High-Frequency Trading
- 27.13 Dark Pools and Their Impact
- 27.14 Best Execution and Regulatory Compliance
- 27.15 Investment Styles: Passive vs. Active
- 27.16 Selection Criteria for Sell-Side Brokers
- 27.17 Challenges in Institutional Trade Processing
- 27.18 Straight-Through Processing (STP) Systems
- 27.19 Soft-Dollar Arrangements
- 27.20 Conclusion of Chapter 27
- Glossary for Chapter 27: Institutional Client
- Additional Resources for Chapter 27
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- 16.1 Overview of the Portfolio Management Process
- 16.2 Step 1: Determine Investment Objectives and Constraints
- 16.3 Step 2: Design an Investment Policy Statement
- 16.4 Step 3: Develop the Asset Mix
- 16.5 Step 4: Select the Securities
- 16.6 Step 5: Monitor the Client, the Market, and the Economy
- 16.7 Step 6: Evaluate Portfolio Performance
- 16.8 Step 7: Rebalance the Portfolio
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- 19.1 The Regulation and Structure of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.2 Key Features of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.3 The Various Types of Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.4 The Risks of Investing in Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.5 Comparing Exchange-Traded Funds and Mutual Funds
- 19.6 Taxation of Investors in Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.7 Investment Strategies Using Exchange-Traded Funds
- 19.8 Other Related Products
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- 27.1 The Sell Side and the Buy Side of the Market
- 27.2 The Responsibilities of a Buy-Side Portfolio Manager and Trader
- 27.3 The Organizational Structure of a Sell-Side Trading Firm
- 27.4 The Revenue Sources for Sell-Side Trading Firms
- 27.5 Institutional Clearing and Settlement
- 27.6 Roles and Responsibilities in the Institutional Market
- 27.7 Investment Styles, Guidelines, and Restrictions
- 27.8 Algorithmic Trading
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- 1.1 What Is a Derivative?
- 1.2 Common Features of All Derivative Instruments
- 1.3 Types of Derivative Instruments
- 1.4 Key Differences Between Option-Based and Forward-Based Derivatives
- 1.5 Exchange-Traded and Over-the-Counter Derivatives
- 1.6 Key Differences Between Exchange-Traded and Over-the-Counter Derivatives
- 1.7 Types of Underlying Interests (Commodities, Financials)
- 1.8 Why Are Derivatives Useful?
- 1.9 Operational Considerations
- 1.10 Who Uses Derivatives and to What Extent Are They Used?
- 1.11 The New CIRO Regulatory Landscape
- 1.12 Emerging Asset Classes (ESG and Crypto Derivatives)
- 1.13 Technology in Derivatives Trading (Electronic Platforms, Algorithmic Trades)
- 1.14 Overview of Bourse de Montréal and Other Global Derivatives Exchanges
-
- 2.1 A Brief Overview of Forward-Based Derivatives
- 2.2 A History of Forwards
- 2.3 What Is a Forward Agreement?
- 2.4 What Is a Futures Contract?
- 2.5 Organized Futures Markets
- 2.6 Buying and Selling a Futures Contract
- 2.7 Cash Settlement
- 2.8 Margin Requirements and Marking-to-Market
- 2.9 Futures Trading and Leverage
- 2.10 Reading a Futures Quotation Page
- 2.11 Contract Size and the Value of the Underlying Interest
- 2.12 CIRO Oversight and Margin Guidelines for Futures
- 2.13 Key Global Futures Exchanges (Comparison to Bourse de Montréal)
- 2.14 Electronic Order Routing and Market Data Feeds
-
- 3.1 A Brief Overview of Futures Pricing
- 3.2 Futures Market vs. Cash Market
- 3.3 Cost of Carry
- 3.4 Basis
- 3.5 Cash and Carry Arbitrage
- 3.6 Reverse Cash and Carry Arbitrage
- 3.7 Conditions that Facilitate Arbitrage
- 3.8 Inverted Markets
- 3.9 Convergence
- 3.10 Practical Pricing Examples in Canadian Markets (e.g., Interest Rate & Index Futures)
- 3.11 Seasonal Basis Factors & Monetary Policy Impact
- 3.12 Scenario Analysis (Volatility & Interest Rate Shifts)
-
- 6.1 The History of Options
- 6.2 Key Option Terminology and Definitions
- 6.3 Application of Key Terms and Definitions
- 6.4 Why Investors Buy Options
- 6.5 Why Investors Write Options
- 6.6 Other Related Benefits of Options
- 6.7 Advantages of Exchange-Traded Options vs. OTC Options
- 6.8 Reading Option Quotations
- 6.9 Common Questions Pertaining to the Options Market
- 6.10 Role of CIRO and the Bourse de Montréal in Regulating Listed Options
- 6.11 Retail Growth in Options Markets (Lower Commissions, Educational Platforms)
- 6.12 Introduction to Option Greeks (Beyond Delta)
-
- 9.1 Overview of the Swap Market
- 9.2 What Is a Swap?
- 9.3 Role of the Swap Dealer
- 9.4 History of Swaps
- 9.5 OTC Derivatives Market Reform
- 9.6 CIRO/CSA Requirements for Swap Transactions (Trade Reporting, Clearing)
- 9.7 Bilateral vs. Cleared Swaps
- 9.8 ESG & Sustainability-Linked Swaps
- 9.9 Cross-Border Swaps Considerations
-
- 10.1 Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swap
- 10.2 Rate & Day Count Conventions
- 10.3 The Structure of an Interest Rate Swap
- 10.4 Pricing an Interest Rate Swap
- 10.5 Indication Pricing Schedule
- 10.6 Credit Risk
- 10.7 Terminating an Interest Rate Swap
- 10.8 Why Interest Rate Swaps Are Used
- 10.9 Deliverable Interest Rate Swap Futures & Centrally Cleared Swaps
- 10.10 Other Types of Interest Rate Swaps
- 10.11 Swaptions
- 10.12 Transition from CDOR to CORRA in Canada & Global LIBOR Phase-Out
- 10.13 Mandatory Clearing Thresholds for Certain Swaps
- 10.14 Advanced Uses (Hedging Corporate Bonds or Floating-Rate Notes)
-
- 11.1 The Structure of a Currency Swap
- 11.2 Currency Swaps as a Portfolio of Fixed- and/or Floating-Rate Bonds
- 11.3 Pricing of Currency Swaps
- 11.4 Reasons for Currency Swaps
- 11.5 Managing FX & Settlement Risks
- 11.6 Emerging Markets Currencies (Liquidity, Volatility)
- 11.7 Reporting Cross-Currency Swaps to Trade Repositories
-
- 12.1 Credit Derivatives
- 12.2 The Role of Credit Derivatives
- 12.3 The Structure of Credit Default Swaps (CDSs)
- 12.4 What are Index CDSs?
- 12.5 Why are CDSs and Index CDSs Used?
- 12.6 New Regulatory Requirements (Clearing/Reporting) for Credit Derivatives
- 12.7 Credit Event Settlement (Bankruptcies, Restructurings)
- 12.8 Standardization via ISDA & Market Trends (Index-Based CDS)
-
- 14.1 Regulatory Framework for Canadian Investment Funds and Structured Products
- 14.2 Use of Derivatives in Mutual Funds
- 14.3 Risks of Derivatives Use by Mutual Funds
- 14.4 Limits on Derivative Use & Leverage (under CIRO/CSA Rules)
- 14.5 Disclosure of Derivative Strategies in Simplified Prospectuses
- 14.6 Custodians’ Role in Monitoring Exposure
-
- 15.1 Use of Derivatives by Alternative Mutual Funds and Closed-End Funds
- 15.2 Hedge Funds Compared to Alternative Mutual Funds
- 15.3 Types of Alternative Strategies
- 15.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Derivatives
- 15.5 Expanded Hedge Fund Strategies (Global Macro, Managed Futures, Relative Value)
- 15.6 Valuation & Liquidity Challenges in Alternative Products
- 15.7 Operational Due Diligence (Prime Brokers, Service Providers)
-
- 16.1 Principal-Protected Notes (PPNs) – What Are They?
- 16.2 PPN Structures and the Use of Derivatives
- 16.3 CPPI and Zero-Coupon Bond Plus Call Option Structures – Key Differences
- 16.4 CSA Disclosure Standards for PPNs
- 16.5 Embedded Derivatives & Credit Risk to Issuer
- 16.6 Comparing PPN Structures with Other Structured Notes
-
- 18.1 Introduction to Bullish Strategies
- 18.2 The Long Call Strategy
- 18.3 The Married Put (Protective Put)
- 18.4 The Covered Call Strategy
- 18.5 Additional Bullish Strategies: Bull Call Spread & Short Put
- 18.6 Greek Considerations for Bullish Strategies
- 18.7 Suitability, Risk Tolerance, and CIRO Guidance
- 18.8 Risk and Reward Analysis for Bullish Strategies
-
- 19.1 Understanding the Bearish Outlook
- 19.2 Strategy: Long Put
- 19.3 Strategy: Short Call (Naked Call)
- 19.4 Strategy: Bear Put Spread
- 19.5 Strategy: Bear Call Spread
- 19.6 Protective Call or Synthetic Short
- 19.7 Greek Considerations for Bearish Strategies
- 19.8 Scenario Analysis and Stress Testing
- 19.9 Concluding Remarks and Additional Resources
-
- 20.1 Introduction to Volatility Strategies
- 20.2 Long and Short Volatility Approaches
- 20.3 Straddles, Strangles, and Combinations
- 20.4 The Role of Greeks in Volatility Strategies
- 20.5 Volatility Crush & Earnings Plays
- 20.6 Options Stress Testing & Risk-Adjusted Returns
- 20.7 Iron Condors, Butterflies, and Other Volatility Spreads
- 20.8 Additional Resources and Concluding Remarks
-
- 21.1 Options Regulation
- 21.2 Individual Registration Categories
- 21.3 Registrant Code of Ethics
- 21.4 Registrant Standards of Conduct
- 21.5 Trading and Sales Practices
- 21.6 Regulations Covering Registrants Employed by CIRO Investment Member Firms or Approved Participants of the Bourse
- 21.7 Conflicts of Interest & Best Execution (CIRO Guidelines)
- 21.8 Client Relationship Model (CRM) Enhancements for Derivatives
-
- 22.1 Completion and Approval of Option Account Application Forms
- 22.2 Significant Items of Information on the Option Account Application Form
- 22.3 Unanswered Questions on the Option Account Application Form
- 22.4 Responsibility for Final Acceptance of an Option Account
- 22.5 Completion of the Derivatives Trading Agreement Prior to Option Transactions
- 22.6 Risk Disclosure Statement
- 22.7 Applying a Suitability Concept to Option Recommendations
- 22.8 Managed Accounts and Simple Discretionary Accounts
- 22.9 Transfer of Option Accounts
- 22.10 Commissions
- 22.11 Digital KYC Processes & Ongoing Suitability Monitoring
- 22.12 Margin Expansion & Frequent Trading Alerts
- 22.13 Electronic Recordkeeping Requirements
-
- 23.1 Basic Margin Terms
- 23.2 Factors Affecting the Amount of Margin Required
- 23.3 CIRO and Bourse de Montréal Minimum Margin Requirements for Equity and Index Option Strategies
- 23.4 Meeting Margin Calls
- 23.5 Capital Requirements for Firm and Market Maker Accounts
- 23.6 Member Firm Clearing Deposit Requirements at the Clearing Corporation
- 23.7 Updates in Margin Rules Post-Pandemic Volatility
- 23.8 Stress Testing Client Positions
- 23.9 Handling Complex Structured Option Spreads and Margins
-
- 24.1 Essential Information Required for All Types of Orders
- 24.2 Order Ticket Information Unique to Options
- 24.3 A Generic Order Entry Screen
- 24.4 Types of Buy and Sell Orders
- 24.5 Types of Contingent Orders
- 24.6 Implied Orders and the Bourse de Montréal’s Implied Pricing Algorithm
- 24.7 The Bourse de Montréal’s User-Defined Strategies (UDS) Functionality
- 24.8 Algorithmic & High-Frequency Order Entry Controls
- 24.9 Time-Stamps & Regulatory Reporting Requirements
-
- 25.1 Professional vs. Non-Professional Option Traders
- 25.2 Federal Tax Consequences for Non-Professional Traders
- 25.3 Federal Tax Consequences for Professional Traders
- 25.4 Tax Consequences for LEAPS® Investors
- 25.5 Allowable Use of Exchange-Traded Options in RRSPs, RRIFs, and RESPs
- 25.6 Recent CRA Interpretations on Derivatives
- 25.7 Tax Implications of Derivative Overlays in Balanced/Equity Portfolios
- 25.8 Tracking Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) in Complex Strategies
-
- 26.1 Opening Corporate Option Accounts
- 26.2 Opening Option Accounts for Acceptable Institutions
- 26.3 Know Your Client (KYC) Rule for Institutional Clients
- 26.4 Permissible Option Transactions for Pension Plans, Insurance Companies, and Trust Companies in Canada
- 26.5 Canadian Mutual Funds
- 26.6 Multi-Layer Sign-Offs & Corporate Board Approvals
- 26.7 Additional Documentation (ISDA Protocol for Institutions)
- 26.8 Asset Managers and Pension Plans: Derivatives Governance
-
- 28.1 What is an Options Exchange?
- 28.2 Providing a Trading Forum
- 28.3 Adding and Deleting Option Classes
- 28.4 Adding and Deleting Option Series
- 28.5 Expiration Cycles on the Bourse
- 28.6 Setting Reporting Levels, Position Limits, and Exercise Limits
- 28.7 Setting Capital and Margin Rules
- 28.8 Developing and Administering Rules Governing the Marketplace and Approved Participants Dealing in Options
- 28.9 Recent Technology Upgrades & Matching Engines
- 28.10 Cross-Border Coordination with U.S. Exchanges
-
- 32.1 Introduction to Derivatives
- 32.2 Key Differences Between Exchange-Traded and Over-the-Counter Products
- 32.3 Exchange-Traded Options: Pricing, Hedging, and Speculating
- 32.4 OTC Options: Caps, Floors, Collars, and Exotic Options
- 32.5 Swaps: Basic Features, Role of the Swap Dealer, and Types of Swaps
- 32.6 How Investment Funds and Structured Products Use Derivatives
- 32.7 The Function of Exchanges and Clearinghouses
- 32.8 OTC Forwards and Other Futures Contracts
- 32.9 Determining Client Suitability
- 32.10 Strategies Based on Market Outlook and Risk Tolerance
- 32.11 Entering Orders
- 32.12 Executing Orders on Exchanges
- 32.13 Payment for Options, Exercise Assignment, or Option Expiry
- 32.14 Tax Implications of Listed Options Trading
-
-
-
-
- 8.1 Retirement Income Needs Analysis
- 8.2 The Impact of OAS on Retirement Plans
- 8.3 The Impact of GIS on Retirement Plans
- 8.4 The Impact of CPP/QPP on Retirement Plans
- 8.5 The Impact of Registered Pension Plans on Your Retirement Plans
- 8.6 Deferred Profit Sharing Plans
- 8.7 Individual Pension Plans
- 8.8 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans
- 8.9 Salary Deferral Arrangements
-
-
- 1.1 How has the Mutual Fund Industry Evolved?
- 1.2 What is the Value in Licensing?
- 1.3 Why Provide Excellent Client Service?
- 1.4 Why is Understanding Your Clients and Products Important?
- 1.5 Why are The Know Your Client Rule and Suitability Important?
- 1.6 What is the Role of a Mutual Fund Sales Representative?
- 1.7 Mutual Fund Sales in Practice
- 1.8 The Regulatory Environment in Canada
-
- 3.1 What is Economics?
- 3.2 How is Economic Growth Measured?
- 3.3 What are the Phases of the Business Cycle?
- 3.4 What are the Key Labour Market Indicators?
- 3.5 What Role do Interest Rates Play?
- 3.6 What is the Nature of Money and Inflation?
- 3.7 How do Fiscal and Monetary Policies and International Economics Impact the Economy?
- 3.8 Additional Topics in Economics
-
- 4.1 Why are Client Communication and Planning Important?
- 4.2 What is the Financial Planning Approach?
- 4.3 What are the Steps in the Financial Planning Process?
- 4.4 What is the Life-Cycle Hypothesis?
- 4.5 Assessing Client Risk Tolerance, Time Horizon, and Investment Objectives
- 4.6 Aligning Suitability with KYC
-
- 7.1 Introduction to Investment Products
- 7.2 What Are Fixed-Income Securities?
- 7.3 The Fundamentals of Bond Pricing and Properties
- 7.4 What Are Equity Securities?
- 7.5 How Are New Securities Brought to Market?
- 7.6 What Are Derivative Securities?
- 7.7 Trading and Settlement Overviews
- 7.8 Summary and Application
-
- 8.1 What is Risk and Return?
- 8.2 What are the Impacts of Economic Conditions in Comparing Returns?
- 8.3 How to Calculate a Return
- 8.4 How to Measure Risk
- 8.5 What is Portfolio Analysis?
- 8.6 How are Portfolios Managed?
- 8.7 What are the Methods of Analysis?
- 8.8 Additional Topics in Constructing Investment Portfolios
-
- 9.1 What Are the Financial Statements?
- 9.2 Statement of Financial Position
- 9.3 Statement of Comprehensive Income
- 9.4 Statement of Changes in Equity
- 9.5 Statement of Cash Flows
- 9.6 Notes to the Financial Statements
- 9.7 Auditor’s Report
- 9.8 Financial Statement Analysis
- 9.9 Basic Financial Ratios and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Funds
-
- 14.1 How is Portfolio Performance Evaluated?
- 14.2 How is Performance Assessment Conducted?
- 14.3 How is a Comparison Universe Used?
- 14.4 How is Quartile Ranking Used?
- 14.5 Risk-Adjusted Performance Measures
- 14.6 Time-Weighted vs. Money-Weighted Returns
- 14.7 Common Pitfalls in Performance Evaluation
- 14.8 Regulatory Guidelines and Reporting Standards
-
- 15.1 How Does Volatility Impact Mutual Fund Returns?
- 15.2 Steps in Selecting a Mutual Fund
- 15.3 Other Elements to Consider When Analyzing and Selecting Mutual Funds
- 15.4 The Role of Fees and Expenses in Fund Selection
- 15.5 Understanding Fund Benchmarks and Performance Comparisons
- 15.6 Leveraging Fund Fact Documents and Prospectuses
- 15.7 Ethical Considerations in Fund Selection
-
- 17.1 Mandate and Scope of Securities Administrators
- 17.2 The Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (CIRO)
- 17.3 Registration Requirements
- 17.4 How Representatives and Dealers Meet the Know Your Client (KYC) Rules
- 17.5 Steps in Opening a Mutual Fund Account
- 17.6 Prohibited Selling Practices
- 17.7 Rules for Communications with Clients
- 17.8 Other Legal Responsibilities
- 17.9 Other Considerations
-
-
-
- 1.1 The Seven Steps of the Portfolio Management Process
- 1.2 Information Required by Regulation and Law
- 1.3 How Investment Advisors Can Learn About Their Clients
- 1.4 How Investment Advisors Can Determine Investment Objectives and Constraints
- 1.5 How an Investment Advisor Can Craft an Investment Policy Statement
- 1.6 Communication Skills an Investment Advisor Needs
-
- 2.1 What Is Behavioural Finance?
- 2.2 The Relevance of Behavioural Finance to the Investment Advisor
- 2.3 Risk Profile Questionnaires and Their Limitation
- 2.4 What Are Investor Biases?
- 2.5 What Are Investor Personality Types?
- 2.6 How an Investment Advisor Can Apply Bias Diagnoses When Structuring an Asset Allocation Program
- 2.7 Robo-Advisors and Behavioural Biases
- 2.8 Risk Tolerance vs. Risk Capacity (Additional Topic)
- 2.9 Incorporating Time Horizon in Risk Profiling (Additional Topic)
- 2.10 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations in Risk Profiling (Additional Topic)
-
- 13.1 What Are Alternative Investments and Why Invest in Them?
- 13.2 Overview of Hedge Funds
- 13.3 Overview of Commodities
- 13.4 Overview of Real Estate
- 13.5 Overview of Infrastructure
- 13.6 Overview of Private Markets
- 13.7 Overview of Collectibles
- 13.8 Overview of Digital Assets
- 13.9 Ways to Invest in Alternative Investments
- 13.10 How Commodity Producers Manage Financial Risk
- 13.11 Ways to Invest in Real Estate
- 13.12 Ways to Invest in Private Markets
- 13.13 Ways to Invest in Digital Assets
-
- 14.1 The Theoretical Basis for International Investing
- 14.2 The Size of the Global Equity Market
- 14.3 The Major International Equity Benchmarks
- 14.4 The Primary Advantages of International Investing
- 14.5 The Primary Disadvantages and Risks of International Investing
- 14.6 Foreign Investment Vehicles
- 14.7 The Skills Necessary for Effective International Investing
- 14.8 Do Asset Allocation Models Correctly Assess International Investment Opportunities?
- 14.9 Investing in Emerging and Frontier Markets
- 14.10 ESG and Responsible International Investing
- 14.11 The Impact of Free Trade Agreements and Global Institutions
- 14.12 Cultural and Ethical Considerations in International Markets
-
-
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